ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Hand drafting an orthographic projection involves creating a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object using a set of standard drawing techniques. Orthographic projection is a method of representing objects in a way that shows their true shape and size without distortion. Here are some basic steps to hand drafting an orthographic projection:
Gather your materials: You'll need a drawing board, drawing paper (preferably with a grid), a mechanical pencil or drafting pencils of different lead thicknesses (e.g., 0.5mm, 0.7mm), an eraser, and a set of drafting instruments like a T-square, triangles, and a compass.
Understand the object: Study the object you want to draw and visualize how it would appear in different views (front, top, and side). Familiarize yourself with the object's dimensions, shapes, and features.
Decide on the scale: Determine the scale at which you want to draw the orthographic projection. For example, 1:1 represents the actual size, while 1:2 means each dimension will be half the actual size.
Choose the views: Select the views you want to include in your orthographic projection. The most common views are the front, top, and side views, but additional views may be necessary depending on the complexity of the object.
Set up the drawing paper: Place the drawing paper on the drawing board and secure it with clips or tape. Use a T-square to draw a horizontal baseline across the paper, representing the ground or floor line.
Draw the front view: Position your object on the baseline and use the T-square and triangles to draw the front view of the object. Start with the basic outline, focusing on the main features, and then add details such as curves, edges, and dimensions. Use light, construction lines initially and refine them as you progress.
Draw the top view: Using the same technique, draw the top view of the object directly above the front view. Ensure that the lines align properly with the corresponding lines in the front view.
Draw the side view: Again, using the same technique, draw the side view of the object to the right of the front view. Ensure that the lines align properly with the corresponding lines in the front view.
Add dimensions: Add accurate dimensions to the orthographic projection, including lengths, heights, and depths. Use arrows and dimension lines to indicate the measurements.
Finalize the drawing: Once you're satisfied with the accuracy and level of detail, darken the lines of the orthographic projection. Erase any unnecessary construction lines and make sure the drawing is clean and presentable.
Remember, hand drafting an orthographic projection requires practice and attention to detail. Take your time, use the appropriate tools, and refer to drafting standards and conventions to ensure your drawing is clear and precise. Anyone should be able to pick up your drawing and be able to produce what you drew.
Background Knowledge:
PRACTICE HAND DRAFTING ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
Drawing 1: ANVIL
A good drawing to start hand drafting orthographic projections. The only thing you should be aware of is reproducing the angled faces. When looking at them from the top and side view you will see them as straight object lines. Which is why you draw more than one view since some information is lost if you do not show all pertiniant sides of an object.
Step 1
Find the center of your paper to see where you should place your views
Step 2
Draw the front view with the side of the view in line with the center mark and at least an inch from the title block to leave room for dimensions
Step 3
Draw the construction lines that you will need to transfer the important features from the front view to the other views. Notice I have included the 45 degree angled transfer line to transfer things from the top view to the side.
Step 4
Draw in the object lines for the top and side view. Make sure the spacing is equal with the front view and that they line up with each other. The space will be used for dimensioning the drawing.
Step 5
Add any other line types like hidden and center if the drawing calls for them, this drawing does not.
Step 6
Clean up the drawing and add dimensions.
Drawing 2: SLIDE
The angle on the front face is not given but there is enough information given to be able to draw all the views. You will need the angled transfer line to transfer the location of the angled face from the side view to the top view.
Drawing 3: LOCK FINGER
First drawing with circles and arcs. Remeber a circle from the side is just a rectangle. Be sure to follow demsioning rules and only give a diameter or radius dimension from the face where it is visible and not to the hidden lines.
Drawing 4: BEARING
The front view is missing but there is enough information given to be able to produce the front view for your drawing. Other than that a straight forwards drawing.